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PDF(313 KB)
PDF(313 KB)
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical in fostering cancer development, and overcoming anti-tumor immunity. In this systematic review, literature on the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which the TME facilitates immune evasion were reviewed through publications until December 2024. A thorough search in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science found 55 pertinent studies. The results indicated that the immunosuppressive cells (regulatory T cells (T-regs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress cytotoxic T-cell-mediated responses. In addition, the soluble mediators, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- 0), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), reconfigure the TME to promote tumor survival. These suppressive factors re-programmed or depleted by therapeutic interventions are improved to boost the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy. The knowledge on how TME leads to immune evasion is the basis of the new-generation immunotherapies.
Tumor microenvironment
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